Restricting their analysis to the change in total emissions, they found a benefit in terms of total carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions due to switching from coal. For example, Denholm and Holloway inves- tigated a system composed of a new non-adiabatic compressed air energy storage (CAES) charged with existing older coal-fired generators. Many analyses investigating air quality effects look only at emissions. In addition, there are also equity concerns about shifting emissions from one location to another.
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Depending on the location and type of generator used to charge the battery and the generator displaced by the battery, however, there may be net positive or negative social costs in terms of air quality, exposure and human health. This could be especially beneficial in highly populated urban load centers where the battery would displace dirtier generators, known as peaking plants, installed to meet peak electricity demand. One reason these facilities may experience fewer barriers to siting is that at the point of use, the batteries have no emissions. however, given the revenue opportunities in NYC, this would be an attractive site if the capital costs decrease, since energy arbitrage revenues are high there. Presently, the capital costs are almost double those assumed in Walawalkar et al. found that the battery could operate profitably 65% of the time in New York City through energy arbitrage and by receiving payments for having available generation capacity in the installed capacity market.
Using optimistic assumptions about the capital cost, Walawalkar et al.
examined the revenue opportunities for a sodium–sulfur (NaS) battery in the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO) electricity markets. Another benefit of EES installations is that they are easier to site than conventional power plants, allowing them to be located where electricity and generation capacity is most valuable. This can provide a range of benefits including reducing the need for new electricity generation capacity to meet peak electricity demand, relieving strain on transmission and distribution (T&D) infrastructure and supporting variable renewable sources such as wind. energy storage (EES) can decouple the time of electricity generation from its consumption, by storing electricity or energy to provide electricity when needed.
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